The Demographic and Economic Ascension of the North American Amish: A Statistical Compendium and Analysis (2024–2025)

1. Introduction: The Statistical Anomaly of the Modern Era

In the landscape of North American demography, the Amish present a singular and persistent anomaly. While the broader populations of the United States and Canada are characterized by declining fertility rates, aging workforces, and increasing secularization, the Amish demonstrate a trajectory defined by exponential biological growth, high youth retention, and a burgeoning accumulation of capital. This report provides an exhaustive, data-driven analysis of the Amish community as it stands in the mid-2020s, synthesizing population estimates, settlement patterns, and economic indicators to construct a comprehensive profile of a society that is simultaneously insulating itself from modernity while becoming an increasingly potent economic actor within it.

The analysis draws upon the most recent datasets available as of late 2024 and projections for 2025, primarily utilizing data from the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, the specific demographic work of Joseph Donnermeyer, and financial disclosures from the Bank of Bird-in-Hand—the primary financial institution serving the Plain community. By dissecting these verifiable statistics, we can move beyond the pastoral stereotypes to understand the Amish as a rapidly scaling demographic unit with significant economic ripple effects in the rural American hinterland.

The scope of this report encompasses the Old Order Amish and closely related groups that rely on horse-and-buggy transportation. It explicitly excludes automobile-driving groups such as the Beachy Amish or Amish Mennonites, as their demographic and economic behaviors diverge significantly from the traditionalist core. Through the lens of “doubling time,” fertility metrics, business survival rates, and asset accumulation, this document charts the path of a population projected to exceed one million individuals by the middle of this century, fundamentally altering the demographic fabric of the states they inhabit.

2. Comprehensive Population Dynamics

2.1 The Aggregate Census: 2024–2025 Estimates

The task of quantifying the Amish population is complicated by the fact that the U.S. Census Bureau does not track religious affiliation, and the Amish themselves do not participate in self-identification surveys with the same regularity as the general public. Consequently, demographers rely on a “bottom-up” approach, counting church districts (congregations) and multiplying by the average district size, a figure that varies slightly by settlement but averages approximately 130 to 170 individuals (adults and children combined).

As of the summer of 2024, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies placed the total North American Amish population at 400,910. This figure represents a watershed moment, as the population has crossed the 400,000 threshold, a psychological and statistical milestone that underscores the sheer scale of their recent expansion. Looking ahead to 2025, projections based on current growth velocities estimate the population will reach between 404,575 and 410,955 individuals.

To appreciate the velocity of this growth, one must examine the historical trend line. In the year 1900, the Amish population in North America was estimated at a mere 5,000 to 6,000 people. By 2000, this number had risen to approximately 177,910. In the first quarter of the 21st century alone (2000–2025), the population has expanded by approximately 233,000 people, marking an increase of roughly 131% in just 25 years. This trajectory confirms that the Amish are not merely growing; they are accelerating in absolute numbers due to the compounding effect of a widening demographic base.

Table 1: Longitudinal Population Growth (1992–2025)

The following table reconstructs the population growth trajectory using available data points from 1992 to the present projections.

Year	Total Estimated Population	Annual Growth Rate (Approx.)	Districts
1992	125,850	N/A	N/A
2000	177,910	+4.19%	1,335
2010	244,770	+3.42%	N/A
2020	344,670	+3.48%	2,606
2021	355,660	+3.19%	N/A
2022	367,295	+3.27%	N/A
2023	378,190	+2.97%	N/A
2024	400,910	+4.37%	3,038
2025 (Proj.)	410,955	+2.50%	3,114

The variation in annual growth rates—ranging from 2.5% to over 4%—reflects minor fluctuations in retention, migration reporting lags, and the statistical adjustments made by researchers as new settlement directories are published. However, the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) remains remarkably consistent, hovering near the 3.5% mark, which effectively doubles the population every generation.

2.2 The Phenomenon of “Doubling Time”

A central concept in Amish demography is “doubling time”—the number of years it takes for the population to increase by 100%. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, the Amish doubling time has consistently been calculated at approximately 20 to 22 years. This consistency is staggering when compared to the general U.S. population, which, due to declining birth rates and reliance on immigration for growth, has a doubling time that is expanding into the better part of a century.

Professor Joseph Donnermeyer, a leading rural sociologist and Amish demographer, has conducted extensive studies on this phenomenon. In a longitudinal analysis of the Holmes County settlement from 1965 to 2010, Donnermeyer noted a doubling time of approximately 30 years for that specific, mature settlement. However, when looking at the national aggregate—which includes the rapid expansion of new, younger settlements—the 20-year benchmark remains the gold standard for predictive modeling.

This doubling function acts as a powerful predictive tool. If we apply the conservative estimate of a 22-year doubling time to the 2022 population figures, the Amish population is mathematically certain—barring a catastrophic collapse in retention or fertility—to reach roughly 747,000 by 2044 and cross the 1 million threshold in the early 2050s. This geometric progression implies that the Amish are not merely a static cultural curiosity but a rapidly scaling demographic wedge that will increasingly dominate the rural demographics of the Midwest and Northeast.

2.3 Fertility as the Biological Engine

The primary driver of this growth is biological. The Amish strictly forbid the use of artificial contraception, viewing children as a gift from God (“heritage of the Lord”). Consequently, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) for Amish women typically falls between 6.0 and 7.0, compared to the U.S. average which has dipped below the replacement level of 2.1.

This average, however, conceals significant variation among the different Amish “affiliations” or subgroups. The more progressive New Order Amish may have slightly smaller families, while the ultra-conservative groups, such as the Swartzentruber Amish or the Andy Weaver (Dan Church) affiliation, often exhibit TFRs of 9.0 to 10.0 or higher. This “differential fertility” means that over time, the Amish population is not just growing, it is becoming statistically more conservative, as the subgroups with the strictest adherence to tradition are reproducing at a faster rate than the more progressive branches.

The result of this high fertility is a population pyramid with an exceptionally broad base. A significant plurality of the Amish population is under the age of 18. This “demographic momentum” ensures that growth will continue for decades, even if fertility rates were to modestly decline, simply because the cohort of women entering their reproductive years is constantly expanding.

3. The Architecture of Retention: Faith and Community

While high birth rates provide the potential for growth, it is the retention rate—the percentage of Amish-born children who voluntarily join the church as adults—that realizes it. Without high retention, the Amish population would stagnate or decline due to attrition, regardless of family size.

3.1 The “85 Percent Plus” Benchmark

Contrary to the popular media narrative of Amish youth fleeing the restrictions of their upbringing for the freedoms of the “English” world, the statistical reality is one of immense loyalty. The aggregate retention rate for the North American Amish is consistently cited at 85% or higher. This means that nearly nine out of every ten children born into an Amish home eventually make the conscious decision to be baptized, accept the Ordnung (the set of unwritten rules governing daily life), and remain within the fold.

This rate has not declined in the face of modernity; if anything, it has stabilized or arguably strengthened in certain conservative sectors. The advent of the smartphone and the internet, while presenting challenges, has not triggered a mass exodus. Instead, the period of Rumspringa (adolescence) serves as an inoculation, allowing youth to experience the world just enough to make an informed—and usually affirmative—decision to return to the security and community of the church.

3.2 Variation by Affiliation

Just as fertility varies by affiliation, so too does retention. There is a strong positive correlation between the conservatism of a group and its ability to retain its youth. Research indicates a clear hierarchy of retention:

Ultra-Conservative (e.g., Andy Weaver/Dan Church): These groups maintain the strictest separation from the world, the most limited technology (no indoor plumbing, strict carriage rules), and the most rigorous shunning practices. Their retention rates are the highest, estimated at 95% to 97%. The cognitive and social barrier to leaving is so high, and the education provided so specific to community life, that exit becomes extremely difficult.
Old Order (Mainstream): The standard Old Order groups, which comprise the majority of the population (such as those in Lancaster), maintain retention rates in the 85% to 90% range.
New Order Amish: These groups are more evangelical, mission-minded, and permissive regarding certain technologies (though still restricting cars). Paradoxically, they have the lowest retention rates, estimated between 50% and 65%. Their theology, which emphasizes individual salvation and outreach, often bridges the gap to more progressive Anabaptist groups (like the Beachy Amish or Mennonites), making the “step out” less culturally jarring for their youth.

Table 2: Retention Rates by Affiliation

Affiliation	Characteristics	Estimated Retention Rate
Andy Weaver (Dan Church)	Ultra-conservative; strict shunning; minimal tech.	~97%
Old Order	Traditional; standard buggy; standard Ordnung.	85% – 90%
New Order	Evangelical focus; higher tech use; lower retention.	50% – 65%

This data suggests a counter-intuitive sociological finding: “strictness” is a survival trait. The groups that demand the most sacrifice from their members are the ones that command the highest loyalty, a phenomenon consistent with the “strict church thesis” in the sociology of religion.

4. Geographic Dispersion and Settlement Patterns

The Amish population is not evenly distributed. It is heavily clustered in a few key states, yet simultaneously characterized by a restless migratory drive that pushes settlements into new, often unexpected, frontiers.

4.1 The “Big Three”: Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana

As of 2025, approximately two-thirds of all Amish live in three states: Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. These states represent the historic heartland of the Amish experience in America.

Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania remains the demographic anchor. For 2025, the estimated Amish population in Pennsylvania is approximately 92,000 to 93,000 (derived from 2024 trends and total counts). The Lancaster County settlement is the oldest and most famous, acting as a “mother settlement” from which families constantly migrate due to land pressure. The density in Lancaster is so high that the settlement has functionally spilled over into neighboring Chester and York counties, creating a megalopolis of Amish habitation.

Ohio: Ohio follows closely, with a 2025 estimated population of roughly 89,765. The Holmes County settlement in northeast Ohio is frequently cited as the largest single contiguous Amish community in the world, surpassing Lancaster in specific district density if not total regional spread. In Holmes County, the Amish constitute over 40% of the total population, creating a unique demographic reality where the “minority” is functionally the dominant culture.

Indiana: Indiana hosts the third-largest population, estimated at 67,310 in 2025. The Elkhart-LaGrange settlement is the primary hub here. Geographically, this settlement is merging with the nearby Nappanee settlement, creating a massive corridor of Plain people in the northern part of the state.

4.2 The Second Tier and Western Expansion

Beyond the Big Three, a second tier of states has developed significant Amish populations, driven by the search for affordable farmland and isolation.

Wisconsin: Now the fourth-largest Amish state, Wisconsin has seen its population swell to 27,535 spread across 68 distinct settlements. The state’s dairy infrastructure and rolling terrain make it an ideal destination for conservative Amish seeking a traditional agrarian lifestyle.
New York: Perhaps the most dynamic growth story, New York’s Amish population has more than quadrupled since 2000, reaching 25,220 in 2025. The state’s “North Country” and Mohawk Valley offer fertile but relatively inexpensive land compared to the inflated real estate markets of Lancaster or Holmes County.
The Western Frontier: While absolute numbers are lower, the percentage growth in western states is explosive. Between 2020 and 2024, Nebraska saw a 64.8% increase, and Colorado saw a 56.9% increase. These settlements are often small, conservative pioneers seeking to escape the encroaching urbanization of the east.

Table 3: State-Level Population Estimates (2025)

State	Number of Settlements	Estimated Population
Pennsylvania	~60+	~92,660*
Ohio	~65+	89,765
Indiana	28	67,310
Wisconsin	68	27,535
New York	60	25,220
Michigan	52	20,690 (2024)
Kentucky	55	16,720
Iowa	25	10,965
Missouri	N/A	~15,000*

*Note: PA and MO figures are extrapolated from 2024 data and aggregate totals where specific 2025 census lines were not explicitly broken out in snippets.

4.3 Drivers of Migration

Why do the Amish move? The data identifies six primary drivers for the establishment of new settlements :

Fertile Farmland at Reasonable Prices: The most common reason. Land in Lancaster County can cost upwards of $20,000–$30,000 per acre, whereas land in rural New York or Kentucky might sell for a fraction of that.
Non-Farm Work: Proximity to specialized industries (e.g., woodworking, cabinetry markets).
Rural Isolation: A desire to escape the tourist traffic and suburban sprawl of older settlements.
Pro-Amish Environment: Seeking states with favorable regulations regarding schools, building codes, or buggy travel.
Proximity to Family: Moving to be near relatives who have already migrated.
Church Conflict: Resolving leadership disputes or schisms by physically separating to form a new district with a different Ordnung.

5. The Great Economic Transformation: From Plows to Profits

Perhaps the most profound change in Amish society over the last half-century is economic. The traditional image of the Amishman behind a plow is increasingly statistically inaccurate. While the ideal remains agrarian, the reality is entrepreneurial.

5.1 The Decline of Farming and the Rise of Small Business

In major settlements like Lancaster and Holmes County, the sheer density of the population has made it mathematically impossible for every young man to own a farm. There is simply not enough land. Consequently, the Amish have pivoted to small business ownership and cottage industries.

This shift has been wildly successful. Research by Donald Kraybill and others has documented a business survival rate that is nothing short of miraculous in the context of the broader American economy.

Survival Rate: Amish small businesses exhibit a five-year survival rate of approximately 95%.
Comparison: This stands in stark contrast to the U.S. national average, where Department of Labor statistics often show that roughly 50% of businesses fail within the first five years.

5.2 Explaining the 95% Success Rate

What accounts for this disparity? The data suggests a combination of cultural and structural advantages:

Low Overhead: Amish businesses often operate out of barns or improved outbuildings on the owner’s property. They avoid high utility costs (no electricity from the grid), utilize family labor, and avoid expensive insurance packages or benefits typical of secular corporations.
The Protestant Work Ethic (Amplified): The cultural disdain for idleness translates into high productivity.
“Extreme Networking”: In Holmes County, economists have identified a phenomenon of “extreme networking” where competitors actively help one another. If one roofer is booked, he hands the job to his cousin. If a furniture maker runs out of lumber, he borrows from his neighbor. This cooperative model reduces bankruptcy risk for the entire network.
Niche Markets: They focus on high-quality, labor-intensive goods (heirloom furniture, quilts, timber framing) where their “brand” commands a premium price.

5.3 The “Amish Millionaire”

The success of these enterprises has given rise to a new socio-economic class: the Amish Millionaire. This is no longer an oxymoron. In settlements like Holmes County and Elkhart-LaGrange, manufacturing businesses (producing RV parts, cabinetry, or portable storage sheds) can generate revenues in excess of $10 million annually.

This wealth accumulation is verifiable through the economic mobility data of the region. Between 2005 and 2019, the average household income for 27-year-olds raised in lower-income homes in Holmes County rose by 24%, a rate of upward mobility that outperforms almost every other rural county in the United States. The Amish have effectively built a booming manufacturing economy in the middle of the Rust Belt.

6. Financial Infrastructure and Capital Accumulation: The Bank of Bird-in-Hand

The most tangible evidence of Amish economic financialization is the Bank of Bird-in-Hand (BBIH). Established in 2013 in the heart of Lancaster County’s Amish country, it is the first bank in the United States to gain a charter specifically to serve the Plain community. The bank’s financial reports provide a rare, verifiable window into the liquidity and capital depth of the Amish community.

6.1 Asset Trajectory: A Billion-Dollar Metric

The bank has experienced explosive growth since its founding, reflecting the deep reservoirs of capital held by its depositors.

2022: By the end of 2022, the bank had surpassed the $1 billion asset milestone.
2023: Total assets climbed to $1.363 billion by December 31, 2023.
2024: The growth accelerated further. By March 31, 2024, assets hit $1.403 billion. By September 30, 2024, they reached $1.578 billion. By the end of 2024, consolidated assets for the holding company (GELT Bancorp) were approximately $1.592 billion.

This represents an asset growth of nearly $500 million in just two years (2022–2024), a testament to the cash generation of Amish enterprises.

6.2 Deposits, Loans, and Equity

The bank’s balance sheet for late 2024 paints a picture of a highly liquid and credit-active community.

Total Deposits (Sept 2024): $1.307 billion. This capital represents the savings of Amish families and the operating accounts of Amish businesses.
Net Loans (Sept 2024): $1.333 billion. This figure indicates that the community is actively borrowing to finance farm expansions, business start-ups, and home construction. The transition from informal “mutual aid” lending to formal bank loans is significant; the scale of modern Amish business requires capital that exceeds what a traditional church aid fund can provide.
Shareholders’ Equity: The bank is owned largely by the community it serves. Shareholders’ equity stood at $147 million in late 2024.

Table 4: Bank of Bird-in-Hand Financial Indicators (2022–2024)

Financial Metric	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2023	Sept 30, 2024	Dec 31, 2024
Total Assets	~$1.1 Billion	$1.363 Billion	$1.578 Billion	$1.592 Billion
Total Deposits	~$893 Million	$1.089 Billion	$1.307 Billion	$1.328 Billion
Net Loans	N/A	$1.182 Billion	$1.333 Billion	$1.379 Billion

6.3 The “GELT Bus” Phenomenon

To service a population that relies on horse-and-buggy transport, the Bank of Bird-in-Hand operates a fleet of mobile branches known as “GELT Buses” (a play on the Yiddish/German word for money). These buses travel to rural crossroads, facilitating deposits and withdrawals for customers who cannot easily travel to the main branch. This infrastructure investment underscores the bank’s commitment to the specific logistical needs of its demographic.

7. Inequality and Socio-Economic Stratification

The narrative of the Amish as a “flat,” egalitarian society where everyone shares equal status and wealth is increasingly being challenged by the data. The shift from farming (where land constraints limit accumulation) to business (where scale is theoretically infinite) has introduced significant economic stratification.

7.1 The Gini Coefficient and Wealth Disparity

A landmark exploratory study by Moledina and McConnell focused on wealth distribution in Holmes County census tracts. Using data from the U.S. Census, the Ohio Amish Directory, and real estate tax records, the researchers attempted to map the Gini coefficient—a statistical measure of inequality—for the Amish community.

While a precise numerical Gini coefficient was difficult to isolate due to data noise, the findings of the study were unambiguous: economic differentiation is growing. The study found that wealth is no longer normally distributed. Instead, a class of wealthy business owners and church leaders (who often tend to be the more established, landed patriarchs) controls a disproportionate share of the community’s assets, particularly land.

7.2 Land Ownership: The Rich vs. The Poor

The Moledina/McConnell study highlighted a stark divide in land ownership.

Amish Farmers: Amish farmers in the study area owned an average of 56 acres, compared to non-Amish farmers who owned fewer acres (often leasing land instead).
Land Value: The data showed that church leadership status was positively correlated with higher land values, suggesting an intertwining of spiritual authority and economic standing.

7.3 Poverty Statistics

Paradoxically, despite the “Amish Millionaire” phenomenon, the study also found that a disproportionate number of Amish individuals fell below the national poverty line based on reported cash income. This statistical poverty is often misleading, as it reflects large family sizes (dividing income by 7 or 8 household members) and the fact that Amish families produce much of their own food, reducing their need for cash. However, it also points to a real demographic: the “Lunch Pail” Amish. These are men with no land and no business who must work for hourly wages in factories. They are vulnerable to economic downturns in a way that landed farmers are not, creating a new “working class” within the Plain community.

8. Regional Economic Profiles

The economic character of the Amish varies significantly by region, shaped by the local resources and industries.

8.1 Lancaster County, PA: The Agritourism Engine

In Lancaster, the economy is defined by the intersection of high-intensity agriculture and massive tourism.

Tourism Impact: In 2024, tourism in Lancaster County—driven largely by the Amish “brand”—generated $2.7 billion in direct visitor spending and supported over 26,000 jobs.
Visitor Volume: The county attracts over 10 million visitors annually.
Amish Integration: While the Amish view the tourists with some ambivalence, they monetize this traffic effectively through roadside stands, quilt shops, and furniture showrooms. The high price of land (driven by development and tourism) forces Lancaster Amish to be hyper-productive on very small farms, often specializing in tobacco, dairy, or intensive produce.

8.2 Holmes County, OH: The Manufacturing Powerhouse

Holmes County is less about tourism and more about production. It is a hive of small-scale industrial activity.

Manufacturing Density: The county contains between 450 and 500 wood shops.
GDP Contribution: The local lumber and furniture industry contributes hundreds of millions to the Gross Regional Product (GDP), which exceeds $2.3 billion.
Resilience: The “extreme networking” culture here allowed the county to recover from the 2008 recession and the COVID-19 pandemic faster than many neighboring regions, as businesses pivoted quickly to new products (e.g., making masks or desks during lockdowns).

8.3 LaGrange/Elkhart, IN: The Industrial RV Belt

The settlement in Northern Indiana is inextricably linked to the Recreational Vehicle (RV) industry.

Labor Force: A massive percentage of Amish men in this region work in RV factories. The wages are high, but the work is secular and subject to the boom-and-bust cycles of the national economy.
Vulnerability: This region often shows higher volatility in economic metrics. During the 2008 crash, unemployment skyrocketed here; during the COVID RV boom, wages soared. This reliance on “English” corporations for employment distinguishes the Indiana Amish from the more independent entrepreneurs of Ohio and Pennsylvania.

9. Future Outlook: 2025 and Beyond

9.1 The Million-Person March

Projecting the current trends forward, the future of the North American Amish is one of continued exponential expansion.

2025: Population ~410,000.
2044: Projected to reach ~747,000 (doubling from 2022 levels).
2050: Expected to cross the 1 million mark.

This growth will transform them from a fringe group into a substantial minority bloc in states like Ohio and Pennsylvania, potentially altering the political landscape of rural districts.

9.2 The Limits of Land

The primary constraint on this growth is physical: land. The Amish reliance on horse transportation limits the radius of a settlement. As core settlements like Lancaster and Holmes reach saturation, the pressure to migrate will intensify. We can expect:

Accelerated Westward Migration: More settlements in states like Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.
Subdivision of Farms: Farms will continue to shrink, pushing more men into non-farm work.
Conflict: Increased density may lead to more friction with local zoning boards regarding sanitation, schooling, and road maintenance.

9.3 Conclusion

The statistics from 2024 and 2025 confirm that the Amish are not a relic of the past, but a dynamic, growing, and increasingly wealthy sub-society. Their population is doubling every generation, their businesses are surviving at rates that shame the modern corporate sector, and their financial institutions are accumulating billions in assets. Yet, this success breeds new challenges. As the gap between the “Amish Millionaire” and the “Lunch Pail” laborer widens, and as the population presses against the limits of the land, the Amish will face internal and external pressures that will test the resilience of their culture in the coming decades. For now, however, the numbers tell a story of extraordinary vitality.

[

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Bank of Bird-in-Hand Completes Common Stock Offering

Opens in a new window](https://bihbank.com/bank-of-bird-in-hand-completes-common-stock-offering/)[

businesswire.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand Announces Intent to Form Holding Company - Business Wire

Opens in a new window](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240508848571/en/Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Intent-to-Form-Holding-Company)[

bihbank.com

Bank Of Bird-in-Hand Announces Completion of Holding Company Formation

Opens in a new window](https://bihbank.com/bank-of-bird-in-hand-announces-completion-of-holding-company-formation/)[

lancasterchamber.growthzoneapp.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand and GELT Bancorp, Inc. Announce the Appointment of Louise Hutchinson, Esquire as Director - Lancaster Chamber of Commerce

Opens in a new window](https://lancasterchamber.growthzoneapp.com/memberheadlines/Details/bank-of-bird-in-hand-and-gelt-bancorp-inc-announce-the-appointment-of-louise-hutchinson-esquire-as-director-265608)[

bihbank.com

Financial Statements • December 31, 2022 - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

Opens in a new window](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Annual-Report-2022-FINAL.pdf)[

businesswire.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand Announces Special Cash Dividend - Business Wire

Opens in a new window](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230621331685/en/Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Special-Cash-Dividend)[

fdic.gov

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION RE: Bank of Bird-in-Hand (In Organization) Bird-in-Hand, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Ap

Opens in a new window](https://www.fdic.gov/system/files/2024-06/bank-of-bird-in-hand-pa.pdf)[

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

Opens in a new window](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies/vol2/iss1/2/)[

openworks.wooster.edu

“Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distrib” by Amyaz A. Moledina, David L. McConnell et al. - Open Works

Opens in a new window](https://openworks.wooster.edu/facpub/248/?utm_source=openworks.wooster.edu%2Ffacpub%2F248&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages)[

mdpi.com

Amish and Non-Amish Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Adaptation Strategies - MDPI

Opens in a new window](https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/2/897)[

openworks.wooster.edu

Amish Economic Transformations - Open Works - The College of Wooster

Opens in a new window](https://openworks.wooster.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1272&context=facpub)[

fox43.com

Lancaster County’s tourism grows in 2024: $2.7B spent | fox43.com

Opens in a new window](https://www.fox43.com/article/news/local/lancaster-county/discover-lancaster-2024-lancaster-county-tourism-statistics-improve/521-b5640479-9d2a-4eb9-8db7-504f8bc74331)[

discoverlancaster.com

The Impact of Tourism in Lancaster PA

Opens in a new window](https://www.discoverlancaster.com/advocacy/)[

farmanddairy.com

Lumber industry has deep roots in Holmes County, and Ohio - Farm and Dairy

Opens in a new window](https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/lumber-industry-deep-roots-holmes-county-ohio/194304.html)[

ohiose.com

Holmes County - Ohio Southeast Economic Development

Opens in a new window](https://www.ohiose.com/data-and-resources/counties/holmes)[

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The Cultural and Religious Complexities of Amish-Focused Mental Health Conditions Research: Insights from an Exhaustive Narrative Review and Case Study of Counseling Controversies - PMC - PubMed Central

Opens in a new window](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11065431/)

[

Opens in a new window](https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/lbr/current/)[

Opens in a new window](https://medium.com/migration-issues/how-long-until-were-all-amish-268e3d0de87)[

Opens in a new window](https://amishamerica.com/5-amish-population-facts/)[

Opens in a new window](https://booksrun.com/9780470442371-success-made-simple-an-inside-look-at-why-amish-businesses-thrive-1st-edition)[

Opens in a new window](https://wandabrunstetter.com/2016/07/five-ways-live-like-amish-part-4/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.barbourbooks.com/the-amish-millionaire/)[

Opens in a new window](https://wysu.org/2024-05-28/your-new-neighbors-may-drive-a-buggy-ohios-amish-population-is-growing)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.statenews.org/section/the-ohio-newsroom/2024-05-28/your-new-neighbors-may-drive-a-buggy-ohios-amish-population-is-growing)[

Opens in a new window](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341032/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.reddit.com/r/Pennsylvania/comments/1ookkx3/some_snap_info_i_extracted_from_the_state_data_i/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.sirpc.org/images/pdfs/CEDS-SIRPC_2020_Final_for_EDA.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359960317_Perceived_Health_Care_Needs_of_Amish_Populations_in_Two_Newly_Established_Districts)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.chescoplanning.org/Historic/pdf/HeritageTourism-VisitorAnalysis.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://omegadistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2022-CEDS.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.holmescountychamber.com/current-jobs)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2006/march/4.asp)[

Opens in a new window](https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3450&context=etd)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.lagrangechamber.org/coffee-with-the-county-differently-abled-employment)[

Opens in a new window](https://lagrangecountytogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/LG_Memo-1_Place_DRAFT_Full_rev2.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.lagrangecountyedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Final-Connect-LaGrange-Strategic-Investment-Plan.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://books.google.bi/books?id=h6HjgJilFqMC&hl=fr&num=20)[

Opens in a new window](https://books.google.com/books/about/Success_Made_Simple.html?id=_RjGDwAAQBAJ&authuser=1)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.leadershipnow.com/leadershop/9780470442371.html)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.moneytalksnews.com/things-we-could-all-learn-about-money-from-the-amish/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.reddit.com/r/socialism/comments/104e07/are_the_amish_a_good_example_of_a_successful/)[

Opens in a new window](https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/NSFI.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.csbs.org/node/510346)[

Opens in a new window](https://s201.q4cdn.com/185116910/files/doc_financials/2024/ar/2025-Proxy.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/6l0oo9/til_that_amish_businesses_have_a_95_success_rate/)[

Opens in a new window](https://users.etown.edu/k/kraybilld/GBER_article.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374805155_A_Demographic_Profile_of_the_Greater_Lancaster_County_Pennsylvania_Amish)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.reddit.com/r/gis/comments/stxtnz/dataset_of_amish_settlements_in_the_us/)[

Opens in a new window](https://rural.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/03/MD-TAC-1-note-slides.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.kernfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Transfer_of_Wealth_in_Kern_County_Technical_Findings_Report.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.gurufocus.com/insider/180440/amish-a-jani)[

Opens in a new window](https://indianaeconomicdigest.net/MobileContent/Most-Recent/Recreation-manufacturing/Article/Amish-talents-critical-to-LaGrange-County-economy/31/345/59652)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291077000_Amish_entrepreneurship_in_the_United_States)[

Opens in a new window](https://apps.bea.gov/scb/issues/2025/08-august/0825-gini-primer.htm)[

Opens in a new window](https://statehealthcompare.shadac.org/map/82/income-inequality-gini-coefficient)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-forms-of-socio-cultural-capital-that-contribute-to-enterprise-success_fig1_227429558)[

Opens in a new window](https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/93354/Nyamu_Entrepreneurship%20training%20and%20development%20and%20growth%20of%20youth%20enterprises.pdf?sequence=4)[

Opens in a new window](https://armenianweekly.com/2019/02/14/why-do-amish-businesses-thrive/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol52/26/52-26.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://senr.osu.edu/sites/senr/files/imce/files/CVs/2023/vita.2023.Donnermeyer.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Amish-Population%3A-County-Estimates-and-Patterns-Donnermeyer-Anderson/16f65b5477c1e8855edcbe50f0ee4895fbebcb12)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347086591_Familial_Ties_Location_of_Occupation_and_Congregational_Exit_in_Geographically-Based_Congregations_A_Case_Study_of_the_Amish)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373867962_Leaving_the_Amish)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289809672_Growing_up_Amish_The_Rumspringa_years_second_edition)[

Opens in a new window](https://amishamerica.com/rich-stevick-on-growing-up-amish-part-1-submit-your-questions-win-1-of-3-copies/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/FINAL_Annual-Report-2024_FINAL04.04.2025_w-Logo.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/lbr/20231231/default.htm)[

Opens in a new window](https://lancastercityalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/23-24-LCA-Impact-Report.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://hourglasslancaster.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/December-2024-First-Friday-Forum_-City-of-Lancaster.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.lancfound.org/economic-impact-lancaster-county-tourism-history/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.reddit.com/r/Natalism/comments/1mjzr79/the_amish_population_has_surpassed_400000/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/a0ixvk/amish_population_growth_oc_2400_x_1000/)[

Opens in a new window](https://bihbank.com/bank-of-bird-in-hand-announces-completion-of-holding-company-formation/#:~:text=Member%20FDIC.,equity%20of%20approximately%20%24147%20million.)[

Opens in a new window](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PRESS-RELEASE-Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Intent-to-Form-Holding-Company.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PRESS-RELEASE-GELT-Bancorp-Inc-Announces-Special-Cash-Dividend.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://moledina.org/research/)[

Opens in a new window](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=amishstudies#:~:text=Using%20the%202010%20base%20population,a%20population%20of%20501%2C542%20by)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol53/25/53-25.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=amishstudies)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319132292_The_Amish_Population_County_Estimates_and_Settlement_Patterns)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/assets/organizations/legislative-service-commission/files/fy-2024-state-spending-by-county-holmes.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://ohioauditor.gov/auditsearch/Reports/2024/Holmes_County_2023_Holmes_FINAL.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/)[

Opens in a new window](https://openworks.wooster.edu/facpub/248/)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377613388_Amish_and_Non-Amish_Farmer_Perspectives_on_Climate_Change_Causes_Effects_and_Adaptation_Strategies)[

Opens in a new window](https://business.holmescountychamber.com/directory/FindStartsWith?term=A)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4745044_How_Has_the_Literature_on_Gini’s_Index_Evolved_in_the_Past_80_Years)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261879822_Amish_Economic_Transformations_New_Forms_of_Income_and_Wealth_Distribution_in_a_Traditionally_Flat_Community)[

Opens in a new window](https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ee8f5e4-3ed9-5e87-abff-9b289a282050/content)[

Opens in a new window](https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1324&context=jrss)[

Opens in a new window](http://agriculture.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2019/07/ErieCountyPlan_0.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www3.erie.gov/agriculture/sites/www3.erie.gov.agriculture/files/2023-10/agfarmlandprotectionplan.pdf)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.visitamishcountry.com/shopping)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.visitamishcountry.com/groups)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.discoverholmescounty.com/directory-listing/holmes-county-chamber-of-commerce/)[

Opens in a new window](https://business.holmescountychamber.com/directory)[

Opens in a new window](https://www.holmescountychamber.com/)

Defining the Scope

I’m initiating a highly detailed statistical analysis of the Old Order Amish population and economic footprint. My goal is to gather verifiable, quantitative data, focusing on demographic growth, community structure, and financial success metrics, to create a statistically heavy report.

Focusing on Key Metrics

I will prioritize searching for authoritative sources like the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies to establish the core numbers: total population, number of settlements, and church districts. This will lay the foundation for understanding their rapid demographic expansion.

Investigating Financial Success

To quantify their remarkable economic growth and capital accumulation, I plan to find specific financial indicators. This includes seeking data related to the ‘Bank of Bird-in-Hand’ as a proxy for their wealth, as well as finding verifiable statistics on business revenues, success rates, and the emergence of the ‘Amish Millionaire’ class to measure wealth distribution.

Next Actions Planned

I will execute a deep search combining demographic and economic keywords to simultaneously gather data on population growth, settlements, retention rates, and financial metrics to ensure a comprehensive and data-rich analysis.

Researching websites

[

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population, 2025 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/population-2025/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population, 2024 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/population-2024/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Growth of Amish community in the United States between 2021 and 2025 : r/MapPorn

](https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1n26e58/growth_of_amish_community_in_the_united_states/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Consolidated Financial Statements | December 31, 2024 - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://www.bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/FINAL_Annual-Report-2024_FINAL04.04.2025_w-Logo.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Financial Statements • December 31, 2022 - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Annual-Report-2022-FINAL.pdf)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

federalreserve.gov

FRB: Large Commercial Banks— September 30, 2025

](https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/lbr/current/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.businesswire.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

businesswire.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand Announces Special Cash Dividend - Business Wire

](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230621331685/en/Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Special-Cash-Dividend)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.csbs.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

csbs.org

2024 CSBS Annual Survey of Community Banks

](https://www.csbs.org/node/510346)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://medium.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

medium.com

How Long Until We’re All Amish?. Never Gonna Happen, But It’s a… | by Lyman Stone | In a State of Migration | Medium

](https://medium.com/migration-issues/how-long-until-were-all-amish-268e3d0de87)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile 2025 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/amish-population-profile-2025/)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://anabaptistworld.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

anabaptistworld.org

Amish population growing and moving - Anabaptist World

](https://anabaptistworld.org/amish-population-growing-and-moving/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://amishamerica.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishamerica.com

One Million Amish By 2050?

](https://amishamerica.com/one-million-amish-by-2050/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Doubling Time and Population Increase of the Amish - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile, 2024 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/amish-population-profile-2024/)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://freedomforallamericans.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

freedomforallamericans.org

Where Do Amish People Live in US in 2025 - Freedom For All Americans

](https://freedomforallamericans.org/where-do-amish-people-live-in-us/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://en.wikipedia.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

en.wikipedia.org

List of U.S. states by Amish population - Wikipedia

](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.wosu.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

wosu.org

Your new neighbors may drive a buggy — Ohio’s Amish population is growing

](https://www.wosu.org/2024-05-28/your-new-neighbors-may-drive-a-buggy-ohios-amish-population-is-growing)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://amishamerica.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishamerica.com

5 Amish Population Facts That Might Surprise You

](https://amishamerica.com/5-amish-population-facts/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

incontext.indiana.edu

Regional Perspective: Economic Growth Region 3 - InContext

](https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2006/march/4.asp)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

A Demographic Profile of the Greater Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Amish

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374805155_A_Demographic_Profile_of_the_Greater_Lancaster_County_Pennsylvania_Amish)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.wiley.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

wiley.com

Success Made Simple: An Inside Look at Why Amish Businesses Thrive | Wiley

](https://www.wiley.com/en-se/Success+Made+Simple%3A+An+Inside+Look+at+Why+Amish+Businesses+Thrive-p-x000476233)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://users.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

users.etown.edu

Amish enterprise: the collective power of ethnic entrepreneurship Donald B. Kraybill - My E-town

](https://users.etown.edu/k/kraybilld/GBER_article.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://booksrun.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

booksrun.com

Success Made Simple: An Inside Look at Why Amish Businesses Thrive - BooksRun

](https://booksrun.com/9780470442371-success-made-simple-an-inside-look-at-why-amish-businesses-thrive-1st-edition)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://wandabrunstetter.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

wandabrunstetter.com

Five Ways to Live Like the Amish - Part 4 - Wanda Brunstetter

](https://wandabrunstetter.com/2016/07/five-ways-live-like-amish-part-4/)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.barbourbooks.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

barbourbooks.com

The Amish Millionaire - Barbour Books

](https://www.barbourbooks.com/the-amish-millionaire/)

Unprecedented Population Growth

My initial research has established the fundamental demographic reality of the Amish community: their population has reached approximately 395,000 to 405,000 in 2024/2025, distributed across over 660 settlements in North America. This population growth is relentless, doubling roughly every 20 to 22 years, driven by large families (five or more children) and an exceptionally high retention rate of 85% or more of young adults joining the church.

Quantifying Economic Power

I have successfully gathered hard financial metrics that illustrate the capital formation within the community. For example, the Bank of Bird-in-Hand, which caters specifically to the Plain community, held over $1.193 billion in total assets as of early 2023, reflecting significant internal wealth accumulation. This data provides a strong anchor for quantifying their economic system.

Identifying Research Gaps

While core demographics are firm, I need to refine the statistical analysis on several fronts. Specifically, I must find more precise historical data on the population doubling time and locate detailed, regional studies on retention rates. Furthermore, I need to quantify the ‘Amish Millionaire’ phenomenon by searching for specific revenue thresholds or studies on wealth distribution and land ownership in key areas like Lancaster and Holmes counties.

Refining Next Steps

My immediate plan is to execute specialized searches to fill these quantitative gaps. I will target academic and government reports for county-level economic impact, tax assessment data, and more granular historical demographic methodologies to ensure the final report is as statistically heavy and verifiable as possible.

Researching websites

[

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile, 2024 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/amish-population-profile-2024/)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://anabaptistworld.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

anabaptistworld.org

Amish population growing and moving - Anabaptist World

](https://anabaptistworld.org/amish-population-growing-and-moving/)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://wysu.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

wysu.org

Your new neighbors may drive a buggy — Ohio’s Amish population is growing - WYSU

](https://wysu.org/2024-05-28/your-new-neighbors-may-drive-a-buggy-ohios-amish-population-is-growing)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Doubling Time and Population Increase of the Amish - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Amish Population Pyramids: Demographic Patterns across Affiliations in the Holmes County, Ohio, Settlement - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367625867_Amish_Population_Pyramids_Demographic_Patterns_across_Affiliations_in_the_Holmes_County_Ohio_Settlement)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.demographic-research.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

demographic-research.org

Neighbors’ social attitudes predict variations in live births among the Amish of Holmes County, Ohio, United States - Demographic Research

](https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol53/25/53-25.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.statenews.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

statenews.org

Your new neighbors may drive a buggy — Ohio’s Amish population is growing

](https://www.statenews.org/section/the-ohio-newsroom/2024-05-28/your-new-neighbors-may-drive-a-buggy-ohios-amish-population-is-growing)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Research Trends in Amish Population Health, a Growing Literature about a Growing Rural Population - PMC

](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8341032/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Reviving the Demographic Study of the Amish - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Some SNAP info I extracted from the State data. I thought I would share. : r/Pennsylvania - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/Pennsylvania/comments/1ookkx3/some_snap_info_i_extracted_from_the_state_data_i/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.sirpc.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

sirpc.org

COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - Southeastern Indiana Regional Planning Commission

](https://www.sirpc.org/images/pdfs/CEDS-SIRPC_2020_Final_for_EDA.pdf)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11065431/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

(PDF) Perceived Health Care Needs of Amish Populations in Two Newly Established Districts - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359960317_Perceived_Health_Care_Needs_of_Amish_Populations_in_Two_Newly_Established_Districts)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.chescoplanning.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

chescoplanning.org

Visitor Analysis and Marketing Plan for the Chester County Heritage Tourism Plan

](https://www.chescoplanning.org/Historic/pdf/HeritageTourism-VisitorAnalysis.pdf)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.ohiose.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ohiose.com

Holmes County - Ohio Southeast Economic Development

](https://www.ohiose.com/data-and-resources/counties/holmes)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://omegadistrict.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

omegadistrict.org

COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - Ohio Mid-Eastern Governments Association

](https://omegadistrict.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2022-CEDS.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.holmescountychamber.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

holmescountychamber.com

Relocating to Holmes County

](https://www.holmescountychamber.com/current-jobs)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.farmanddairy.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

farmanddairy.com

Lumber industry has deep roots in Holmes County, and Ohio - Farm and Dairy

](https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/lumber-industry-deep-roots-holmes-county-ohio/194304.html)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

incontext.indiana.edu

Regional Perspective: Economic Growth Region 3 - InContext

](https://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2006/march/4.asp)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

stars.library.ucf.edu

The Amish Farm In Transition: The Amish Response To Modernization In Northern Indiana, 1900-1920 - ucf stars

](https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3450&context=etd)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.lagrangechamber.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lagrangechamber.org

Coffee with the County - Differently-Abled Employment

](https://www.lagrangechamber.org/coffee-with-the-county-differently-abled-employment)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://lagrangecountytogether.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lagrangecountytogether.org

Volume 1: Place | LaGrange County Together

](https://lagrangecountytogether.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/LG_Memo-1_Place_DRAFT_Full_rev2.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.lagrangecountyedc.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lagrangecountyedc.com

CONNECT LAGRANGE COUNTY: RURAL ROOTS, STELLAR SPIRIT

](https://www.lagrangecountyedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Final-Connect-LaGrange-Strategic-Investment-Plan.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://books.google.bi/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

books.google.bi

Success Made Simple: An Inside Look at Why Amish Businesses Thrive - Erik Wesner

](https://books.google.bi/books?id=h6HjgJilFqMC&hl=fr&num=20)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://books.google.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

books.google.com

Success Made Simple: An Inside Look at Why Amish Businesses Thrive - Google Books

](https://books.google.com/books/about/Success_Made_Simple.html?id=_RjGDwAAQBAJ)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.leadershipnow.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

leadershipnow.com

Success Made Simple: An Inside Look at Why Amish Businesses Thrive by Erik Wesner - Leadershop @ LeadershipNow.com

](https://www.leadershipnow.com/leadershop/9780470442371.html)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.moneytalksnews.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

moneytalksnews.com

10 Things We Could All Learn About Money From the Amish

](https://www.moneytalksnews.com/things-we-could-all-learn-about-money-from-the-amish/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Are the Amish a good example of a successful society? : r/socialism - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/socialism/comments/104e07/are_the_amish_a_good_example_of_a_successful/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://home.treasury.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

home.treasury.gov

National Strategy for Financial Inclusion in the United States - Treasury.gov

](https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/NSFI.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Consolidated Financial Statements | December 31, 2024 - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://www.bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/FINAL_Annual-Report-2024_FINAL04.04.2025_w-Logo.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.csbs.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

csbs.org

2024 CSBS Annual Survey of Community Banks

](https://www.csbs.org/node/510346)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://s201.q4cdn.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

s201.q4cdn.com

FIDELITY D & D BANCORP, INC.

](https://s201.q4cdn.com/185116910/files/doc_financials/2024/ar/2025-Proxy.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Financial Statements • December 31, 2022 - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Annual-Report-2022-FINAL.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Investor Relations & News - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://bihbank.com/investor-relations/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.kauffman.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

kauffman.org

What can entrepreneurs learn from the Amish? - Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation

](https://www.kauffman.org/currents/what-can-entrepreneurs-learn-from-the-amish/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.amishvillage.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishvillage.com

What Does a Successful Amish Business Look Like?

](https://www.amishvillage.com/blog/what-does-a-successful-amish-business-look-like/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.amishvillage.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishvillage.com

](https://www.amishvillage.com/blog/what-does-a-successful-amish-business-look-like/#:~:text=Studies%20have%20shown%20that%20Amish,successful%20Amish%20business%20looks%20like.)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

TIL that Amish businesses have a 95% success rate at staying open at least five years - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/6l0oo9/til_that_amish_businesses_have_a_95_success_rate/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Sources of enterprise success in Amish communities - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227429558_Sources_of_enterprise_success_in_Amish_communities)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://users.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

users.etown.edu

Amish enterprise: the collective power of ethnic entrepreneurship Donald B. Kraybill - My E-town

](https://users.etown.edu/k/kraybilld/GBER_article.pdf)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Twelve Largest Settlements, 2020 – Amish Studies - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/twelve-largest-settlements-2020/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://amishamerica.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishamerica.com

5 Facts On The Lancaster County Amish Population

](https://amishamerica.com/5-facts-about-the-lancaster-county-amish-population/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://en.wikipedia.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

en.wikipedia.org

List of U.S. states by Amish population - Wikipedia

](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

A Demographic Profile of the Greater Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Amish

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374805155_A_Demographic_Profile_of_the_Greater_Lancaster_County_Pennsylvania_Amish)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Dataset of Amish settlements in the US? : r/gis - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/gis/comments/stxtnz/dataset_of_amish_settlements_in_the_us/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://rural.maryland.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

rural.maryland.gov

Charlotte Davis Don Macke - Rural Maryland Council

](https://rural.maryland.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/03/MD-TAC-1-note-slides.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.kernfoundation.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

kernfoundation.org

Wealth in Kern County A Transfer of Wealth Opportunity - Kern Community Foundation

](https://www.kernfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Transfer_of_Wealth_in_Kern_County_Technical_Findings_Report.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.gurufocus.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

gurufocus.com

Amish A Jani - Net Worth and Insider Trading - GuruFocus

](https://www.gurufocus.com/insider/180440/amish-a-jani)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://indianaeconomicdigest.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

indianaeconomicdigest.net

Amish talents critical to LaGrange County economy - Indiana Economic Digest

](https://indianaeconomicdigest.net/MobileContent/Most-Recent/Recreation-manufacturing/Article/Amish-talents-critical-to-LaGrange-County-economy/31/345/59652)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Amish entrepreneurship in the United States | Request PDF - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291077000_Amish_entrepreneurship_in_the_United_States)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://apps.bea.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

apps.bea.gov

Measuring Income Inequality: A Primer on the Gini Coefficient - Data Tools

](https://apps.bea.gov/scb/issues/2025/08-august/0825-gini-primer.htm)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies/vol2/iss1/2/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://kb.osu.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

kb.osu.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community

](https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ee8f5e4-3ed9-5e87-abff-9b289a282050/content)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://statehealthcompare.shadac.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

statehealthcompare.shadac.org

Map | Income inequality (Gini Coefficient) | State Health Access Data Assistance Center

](https://statehealthcompare.shadac.org/map/82/income-inequality-gini-coefficient)

Confirming Demographic Drivers

I have reinforced my understanding of the Amish demographic momentum. The population is confirmed to be nearing 405,000 across 662 settlements in 2025, and the doubling time of approximately 20 years is supported by the key drivers: families averaging five or more children and a remarkably high retention rate of 85% or more of young adults choosing to join the church.

Scaling of Financial Institutions

On the economic front, I have located further financial data for the ‘Bank of Bird-in-Hand,’ which continues to serve as an excellent proxy for the community’s internal capital formation. I found that its total assets exceeded $1.193 billion as of early 2023, showcasing the immense scale of the financial infrastructure built to support their unique economy. Furthermore, the exceptional five-year business survival rate of 95% is a robust, verifiable statistic that anchors the argument about their economic success.

Focusing on Granular Data

The overall picture is strong, but to achieve the level of statistical rigor I am aiming for, I must now transition from macro-statistics to micro-level data. Key information gaps remain regarding the precise methodology for calculating the historical doubling time and finding granular, county-specific retention rate comparisons. I also need to find concrete figures on the economic contribution of Amish businesses in major settlements like Lancaster and Holmes counties.

Next Research Thrust

To resolve these gaps, I will execute highly targeted research steps. My immediate focus will be to secure updated asset figures for the Bank of Bird-in-Hand and launch specialized searches for regional retention rate data and specific county economic reports to quantify the local impact of the Amish business sector.

Researching websites

[

researchgate.net

Five forms of socio-cultural capital that contribute to enterprise success - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Five-forms-of-socio-cultural-capital-that-contribute-to-enterprise-success_fig1_227429558)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Sources of enterprise success in Amish communities - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227429558_Sources_of_enterprise_success_in_Amish_communities)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

erepository.uonbi.ac.ke

Entrepreneurship training and development and growth of youth enterprises

](https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/93354/Nyamu_Entrepreneurship%20training%20and%20development%20and%20growth%20of%20youth%20enterprises.pdf?sequence=4)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://armenianweekly.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

armenianweekly.com

Why Do Amish Businesses Thrive? - The Armenian Weekly

](https://armenianweekly.com/2019/02/14/why-do-amish-businesses-thrive/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://openworks.wooster.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

openworks.wooster.edu

“Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distrib” by Amyaz A. Moledina, David L. McConnell et al. - Open Works

](https://openworks.wooster.edu/facpub/248/?utm_source=openworks.wooster.edu%2Ffacpub%2F248&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://kb.osu.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

kb.osu.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community

](https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ee8f5e4-3ed9-5e87-abff-9b289a282050/content)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community | Request PDF - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261879822_Amish_Economic_Transformations_New_Forms_of_Income_and_Wealth_Distribution_in_a_Traditionally_Flat_Community)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.demographic-research.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

demographic-research.org

Amish fertility in the United States: Comparative evidence from the American Community Survey and Amish population registries - Demographic Research

](https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol52/26/52-26.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.demographic-research.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

demographic-research.org

Neighbors’ social attitudes predict variations in live births among the Amish of Holmes County, Ohio, United States - Demographic Research

](https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol53/25/53-25.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Doubling Time and Population Increase of the Amish - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://senr.osu.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

senr.osu.edu

1 | Page January 31, 2023 DR. JOSEPH F. DONNERMEYER PROFESSOR EMERITUS, RURAL SOCIOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL SCIENCES PROGRAM SC - School of Environment and Natural Resources - The Ohio State University

](https://senr.osu.edu/sites/senr/files/imce/files/CVs/2023/vita.2023.Donnermeyer.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

(PDF) The Amish Population: County Estimates and Settlement Patterns - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319132292_The_Amish_Population_County_Estimates_and_Settlement_Patterns)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

semanticscholar.org

[PDF] The Amish Population: County Estimates and Settlement Patterns - Semantic Scholar

](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Amish-Population%3A-County-Estimates-and-Patterns-Donnermeyer-Anderson/16f65b5477c1e8855edcbe50f0ee4895fbebcb12)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Familial Ties, Location of Occupation, and Congregational Exit in Geographically-Based Congregations: A Case Study of the Amish | Request PDF - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347086591_Familial_Ties_Location_of_Occupation_and_Congregational_Exit_in_Geographically-Based_Congregations_A_Case_Study_of_the_Amish)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

(PDF) Leaving the Amish - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373867962_Leaving_the_Amish)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Growing up Amish: The Rumspringa years, second edition - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289809672_Growing_up_Amish_The_Rumspringa_years_second_edition)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://amishamerica.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishamerica.com

Rich Stevick on Growing Up Amish – Parts 1 & 2

](https://amishamerica.com/rich-stevick-on-growing-up-amish-part-1-submit-your-questions-win-1-of-3-copies/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Consolidated Financial Statements | December 31, 2024 - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://www.bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/FINAL_Annual-Report-2024_FINAL04.04.2025_w-Logo.pdf)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.businesswire.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

businesswire.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand Announces Intent to Form Holding Company - Business Wire

](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240508848571/en/Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Intent-to-Form-Holding-Company)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

federalreserve.gov

FRB: Large Commercial Banks— December 31, 2023

](https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/lbr/20231231/default.htm)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://lancastercityalliance.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lancastercityalliance.org

IMPACT REPORT 2023–2024 - Lancaster City Alliance

](https://lancastercityalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/23-24-LCA-Impact-Report.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://hourglasslancaster.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

hourglasslancaster.org

Shaping the Future: City of Lancaster’s Tourism Master Plan - Hourglass

](https://hourglasslancaster.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/December-2024-First-Friday-Forum_-City-of-Lancaster.pdf)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.fox43.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

fox43.com

Lancaster County’s tourism grows in 2024: $2.7B spent | fox43.com

](https://www.fox43.com/article/news/local/lancaster-county/discover-lancaster-2024-lancaster-county-tourism-statistics-improve/521-b5640479-9d2a-4eb9-8db7-504f8bc74331)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.discoverlancaster.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

discoverlancaster.com

The Impact of Tourism in Lancaster PA

](https://www.discoverlancaster.com/advocacy/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.lancfound.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lancfound.org

Economic Impact: Lancaster County Tourism & History

](https://www.lancfound.org/economic-impact-lancaster-county-tourism-history/)

Confirming Growth Momentum

I have successfully gathered firm demographic statistics, confirming the Amish population is estimated to reach over 404,000 across 662 settlements in 2025. This remarkable growth rate, which sees the population double roughly every 20 years, is sustained by high birth rates (five or more children per family) and an impressive retention rate of 85% or more of young adults choosing to join the church.

Quantifying Capital Formation

My research continues to highlight the immense scale of the community’s internal economy. I have verified that the ‘Bank of Bird-in-Hand,’ a financial institution catering to the Plain community, held over $1.193 billion in assets as of early 2023. This financial proxy, coupled with the statistically verifiable 95% five-year business survival rate for Amish enterprises, demonstrates the structural robustness of their embedded economic system, where the phrase ‘Amish millionaire’ is now a recognized, non-oxymoronic term.

Focusing on Granular Data Gaps

Although the macro-statistics are strong, I must now pursue more granular data to meet the user’s request for a statistically heavy report. I still lack the latest asset figures for 2024/2025 for the key financial institution and need to find the specific findings from academic studies concerning wealth distribution (Gini coefficients) and the precise methodology used to calculate the historical population doubling time. I also want to find specific economic reports for major settlements like Holmes and Lancaster counties.

Targeted Data Acquisition

My next actions will involve highly specialized searches to resolve these quantitative gaps. I will focus on finding public summaries of recent financial reports, locating the conclusions of papers discussing economic differentiation within the Amish community, and searching for regional economic impact studies to provide the necessary local context for the demographic and financial data I have already established.

Researching websites

[

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile, 2024 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/amish-population-profile-2024/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile 2025 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/amish-population-profile-2025/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

The Amish population has surpassed 400,000 : r/Natalism - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/Natalism/comments/1mjzr79/the_amish_population_has_surpassed_400000/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Amish Population Growth [OC] [2400 x 1000] : r/MapPorn - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/a0ixvk/amish_population_growth_oc_2400_x_1000/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://en.wikipedia.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

en.wikipedia.org

New Order Amish - Wikipedia

](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_Amish)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://amishamerica.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

amishamerica.com

New Order Amish vs. Old Order: What’s the Difference?

](https://amishamerica.com/whats-the-difference-between-new-order-and-old-order-amish/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://quakertheology.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

quakertheology.org

The Retention of Young People by the Quakers and the Amish

](https://quakertheology.org/the-retention-of-young-people-by-the-quakers-and-the-amish/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Population Trends 1992-2013 – Amish Studies - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/population-trends-1992-2013/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Amish population growth : r/actuary - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/actuary/comments/10cnxmk/amish_population_growth/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

](https://bihbank.com/bank-of-bird-in-hand-announces-completion-of-holding-company-formation/#:~:text=Member%20FDIC.,equity%20of%20approximately%20%24147%20million.)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.businesswire.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

businesswire.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand Announces Intent to Form Holding Company - Business Wire

](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240508848571/en/Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Intent-to-Form-Holding-Company)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Investor Relations & News - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://bihbank.com/investor-relations/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.fdic.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

fdic.gov

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION RE: Bank of Bird-in-Hand (In Organization) Bird-in-Hand, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Ap

](https://www.fdic.gov/system/files/2024-06/bank-of-bird-in-hand-pa.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Bank Of Bird-in-Hand Announces Completion of Holding Company Formation

](https://bihbank.com/bank-of-bird-in-hand-announces-completion-of-holding-company-formation/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Press Release: Bank of Bird-in-Hand Announces Intent to Form Holding Company

](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PRESS-RELEASE-Bank-of-Bird-in-Hand-Announces-Intent-to-Form-Holding-Company.pdf)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand Completes Common Stock Offering

](https://bihbank.com/bank-of-bird-in-hand-completes-common-stock-offering/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://bihbank.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

bihbank.com

GELT Bancorp Inc. Announces Special Cash Dividend - Bank of Bird-in-Hand

](https://bihbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/PRESS-RELEASE-GELT-Bancorp-Inc-Announces-Special-Cash-Dividend.pdf)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://lancasterchamber.growthzoneapp.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lancasterchamber.growthzoneapp.com

Bank of Bird-in-Hand and GELT Bancorp, Inc. Announce the Appointment of Louise Hutchinson, Esquire as Director - Lancaster Chamber of Commerce

](https://lancasterchamber.growthzoneapp.com/memberheadlines/Details/bank-of-bird-in-hand-and-gelt-bancorp-inc-announce-the-appointment-of-louise-hutchinson-esquire-as-director-265608)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community | Request PDF - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261879822_Amish_Economic_Transformations_New_Forms_of_Income_and_Wealth_Distribution_in_a_Traditionally_Flat_Community)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://kb.osu.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

kb.osu.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community

](https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ee8f5e4-3ed9-5e87-abff-9b289a282050/content)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://moledina.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

moledina.org

Research - Amyaz A. Moledina

](https://moledina.org/research/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11065431/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=amishstudies#:~:text=Using%20the%202010%20base%20population,a%20population%20of%20501%2C542%20by)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.demographic-research.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

demographic-research.org

Neighbors’ social attitudes predict variations in live births among the Amish of Holmes County, Ohio, United States - Demographic Research

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Reviving the Demographic Study of the Amish - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=amishstudies)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Doubling Time and Population Increase of the Amish - IdeaExchange@UAkron

researchgate.net

(PDF) The Amish Population: County Estimates and Settlement Patterns - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319132292_The_Amish_Population_County_Estimates_and_Settlement_Patterns)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

lsc.ohio.gov

Holmes County FY 2024 - Ohio Legislative Service Commission

](https://www.lsc.ohio.gov/assets/organizations/legislative-service-commission/files/fy-2024-state-spending-by-county-holmes.pdf)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.ohiose.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ohiose.com

Holmes County - Ohio Southeast Economic Development

](https://www.ohiose.com/data-and-resources/counties/holmes)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ohioauditor.gov/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ohioauditor.gov

HOLMES COUNTY, OHIO

](https://ohioauditor.gov/auditsearch/Reports/2024/Holmes_County_2023_Holmes_FINAL.pdf)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ci.uky.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ci.uky.edu

An Ohio county with big Amish community is becoming an economic hub. Economists say the model can be replicated. - UK College of Communication and Information

](https://ci.uky.edu/irj/rural-blog/ohio-county-big-amish-community-becoming-economic-hub-economists-say-model-can-be)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.fulcrum7.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

fulcrum7.com

Millennials Are Prospering in Amish Country - Fulcrum7

](https://www.fulcrum7.com/blog/2024/11/10/millennials-are-prospering-in-amish-country)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.reddit.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

reddit.com

Amish population by county : r/MapPorn - Reddit

](https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/comments/1oyzl1a/amish_population_by_county/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile, 2020 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2020/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://groups.etown.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

groups.etown.edu

Amish Population Profile, 2018 - Elizabethtown College Groups

](https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/)[![](https://t2.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://en.wikipedia.org/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

en.wikipedia.org

List of U.S. states by Amish population - Wikipedia

](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://openworks.wooster.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

openworks.wooster.edu

“Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and …

](https://openworks.wooster.edu/facpub/248/)

Finalizing Population and Growth Metrics

I have successfully finalized the core demographic data for the report, confirming that the estimated Amish population for 2025 is over 404,500, dispersed across 662 settlements. The sustained doubling time of approximately 20 years is due to two critical, statistically verifiable factors: an average family size of five or more children and a consistent retention rate of 85% or more of young adults choosing to join the church.

Updated Financial Proxy Data

I have secured the latest financial data for the ‘Bank of Bird-in-Hand,’ a key proxy for the community’s internal capital flow. The institution’s interest income on loans has grown significantly, and total cash and cash equivalents reached $159 million by the end of 2024. This confirms the aggressive capital formation within the community, supporting the finding that Amish businesses maintain a remarkable 95% survival rate over a five-year period.

Identifying Specific Data Requirements

Although the macro-statistics are robust, I am targeting highly specific, academic-level data points to complete the statistical rigor of the report. The key missing details are a quantifiable Gini coefficient value for measuring internal wealth inequality, and precise land ownership percentages in major settlements like Lancaster and Holmes counties. I need to find these figures to fully detail the ‘Amish Millionaire’ phenomenon and its effect on community ‘flatness.’

Last Targeted Search

My final research step will be a highly targeted search for ‘Amish Gini coefficient value’ and ‘Amish land ownership percentage Lancaster Holmes.’ After this final attempt to secure these specific quantitative measures, I will proceed to synthesize all the accumulated data into the final, statistically heavy deep research report.

Researching websites

[

openworks.wooster.edu

“Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distrib” by Amyaz A. Moledina, David L. McConnell et al. - Open Works

kb.osu.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community

researchgate.net

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community | Request PDF - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261879822_Amish_Economic_Transformations_New_Forms_of_Income_and_Wealth_Distribution_in_a_Traditionally_Flat_Community)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.mdpi.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

mdpi.com

Amish and Non-Amish Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Adaptation Strategies - MDPI

](https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/2/897)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://openworks.wooster.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

openworks.wooster.edu

Amish Economic Transformations - Open Works - The College of Wooster

](https://openworks.wooster.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1272&context=facpub)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Amish and Non-Amish Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Adaptation Strategies - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377613388_Amish_and_Non-Amish_Farmer_Perspectives_on_Climate_Change_Causes_Effects_and_Adaptation_Strategies)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://egrove.olemiss.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

egrove.olemiss.edu

Conservation Use and Quality of Life in a Rural Community: An Extension of Goldschmidt’s Findings - eGrove

](https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1324&context=jrss)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.visitamishcountry.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

visitamishcountry.com

Shopping - Ohio Amish Country

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business.holmescountychamber.com

Directory | Holmes County Chamber of Commerce

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business.holmescountychamber.com

Directories | Holmes County Chamber of Commerce

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discoverholmescounty.com

Holmes County Tourism Bureau

](https://www.discoverholmescounty.com/directory-listing/holmes-county-chamber-of-commerce/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.holmescountychamber.com/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

holmescountychamber.com

Holmes County Chamber of Commerce & Tourism Bureau | Ohio

](https://www.holmescountychamber.com/)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth …

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=amishstudies)

Finalizing Growth Metrics

I have successfully finalized the core demographic data for the report. The estimated Amish population for 2025 is over 404,500, dispersed across 662 settlements across the US and Canada. This remarkable growth is sustained by two critical, verifiable factors: large family sizes, and a high retention rate of 85% or more of young adults choosing to join the church. This trajectory ensures the population continues to double approximately every 20 years, creating immense demographic and economic pressure for new land and settlements.

Quantifying Capital Accumulation

I secured the latest financial figures for the ‘Bank of Bird-in-Hand,’ a key proxy for the community’s internal economy. The institution’s consolidated cash and cash equivalents grew significantly, reaching over $159 million by the end of 2024. This confirms the aggressive capital formation and internal liquidity driving the community’s economic expansion. This financial strength directly supports the exceptional 95% five-year survival rate for Amish enterprises, validating the emergence of the ‘Amish millionaire’ as a statistical reality.

Identifying Specific Statistical Gaps

Although the macro-statistics are robust, I am pursuing two final, highly specific data points to complete the statistical rigor of the report and quantify the ‘Amish Millionaire’ phenomenon. These are a measurable Gini coefficient value to quantify internal wealth inequality and precise land ownership percentages in major settlements like Lancaster and Holmes counties. Finding these figures is crucial for detailing how the community is managing its transition from an egalitarian society to one with increasing economic differentiation.

Final Targeted Research Thrust

I will execute a final, highly targeted search to find the specific Gini coefficient value and land ownership percentages. After this last attempt to secure these academic-level statistics, I will synthesize all the accumulated demographic, financial, and economic data into the final, comprehensive deep research report.

Researching websites

[

researchgate.net

How Has the Literature on Gini’s Index Evolved in the Past 80 Years? - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4745044_How_Has_the_Literature_on_Gini’s_Index_Evolved_in_the_Past_80_Years)[![](https://t1.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

ideaexchange.uakron.edu

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community - IdeaExchange@UAkron

](https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies/vol2/iss1/2/)[![](https://t0.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://www.researchgate.net/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

researchgate.net

Amish Economic Transformations: New Forms of Income and Wealth Distribution in a Traditionally “Flat” Community | Request PDF - ResearchGate

](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261879822_Amish_Economic_Transformations_New_Forms_of_Income_and_Wealth_Distribution_in_a_Traditionally_Flat_Community)[![](https://t3.gstatic.com/faviconV2?url=https://kb.osu.edu/&client=BARD&type=FAVICON&size=256&fallback_opts=TYPE,SIZE,URL)

kb.osu.edu